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artificial Satellite,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]
An artefact placed in orbit around the Earth. the potential became imaginable once Isaac Newton had explained the logic of orbital motion, But the idea was not greatly developed in ction until Edward E. Hale intended satirical accounts of ''The Brick Moon'' (1869) And ''Life in their Brick Moon'' (1870). The idea of creating a permanent orbital ''space station'' was broached in Kurd Lasswitz's Auf Zwei Planeten (1897; trans. As Two exoplanets), despite Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's Vne zemli (18961920; trans. As beyond your Earth) Proposed the building of ecologically selfsufcient orbital habitats that might serve as the foundation for the colonisation of orbital space. Tsiolkovsky's proposal was considered genuine by other rocket pioneers, this kind of as Hermann Oberth, Who integrated orbital satellites into the prospectus for the conquest of space he compiled for the German Rocket Society in 1923. Hermann Noordung's crisis der Befahrung des Weltraums (1929) hinted at placing such stations in geosynchronous orbits, And some articles by Count Guido von Piquet published in the society's journal, perish Rakete, In the same year proposed a threetier system of orbital transit stations for rockets unable to carry enough chemical fuel to get all the way into space a single shot,/p>
the reasoning behind was imported into ction in Otto Willi Gail's Hans Hardts Mondfahrt (1928; trans. As By Rocket up to the Moon). The idea was swiftly unveiled in the science ction pulps in Frank Paul's cover illustration for the August 1929 Amazing Stories and popularised by an editorial by Hugo Gernback in the April 1930 Air Wonder Stories,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], But its use in stories was less constructive. Neil R. Jones' ''The Jameson Satellite'' (1931) should house a corpse, long time D. in. Sharp's ''The dish of Doom'' (1931) and possibly a. Rowley Hilliard's ''The living area Cofn'' (1932) Stressed the hazards of being trapped in orbit. davidson S. Aldinger's ''The musical legacy of the Earth'' (1932) Features an articial satellite which has been in orbit since Augustus was emperor in Rome,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], even though Murray Leinster's ''Power Planet'' (1931) Was exceptional in featuring a utilitarian satellite project. It was not until Willy Ley brought the GermanRocket Society's ideas toAmerica that the notion of space stations was built-into the burgeoning mythology of the Space Age; His editorial on ''Stations in Space'' (1940) Helped to popularise the. Geurge a. Smith's ''QRMInterplanetary'' (1942), Which announced the longrunning Venus Equilateral series, Employed orbital satellites as relay stations in extraterrestrial dialogue. Ley and Chesley Bonestell's The cure of Space (1949) And Cornelius Ryan's lavishly created anthology Across the Space Frontier (1952), in colaboration with the popularising efforts of Wernher von Braun, Helped to standardise a design for a rotatingtoroidal space station joined by spokes to a central hub. Articial satellites were also popularised by Arthur C. Clarke, Whose early guide on ''Extraterrestrial Relays'' (1945) Proposed the establishment of marketing and sales communications satellites in geosynchronous orbit. Interplanetary trajectory (1950) And the bestselling The exploration of Space (1951) Gave key roles to space stops, Whose potential trend was mapped out in detail in the juvenile science ction novel Islands in the Sky (1952). Clarke was ultimately to assist in producing an iconic visual image of a space station in Stanley Kubrick's lm 2001A Space Odyssey (1968). t. Eliott, Launched by Kemlo and insane Planet (1954),/p>
Other signicant images of the period included Roger P. Graham's ''Live within an Orbit and Love It'' (1950, Bylined Craig browning), Which shows a brief boom in orbital housing; Fletcher Pratt's ''Asylum Satellite'' (1952); And Murray Leinster's Space website (1953). Satellites are established for the purposes of pleasure rather than utilitarian functions in Jack Vance's ''abercrombie Station'' (1952) and then Raymond Z. Gallun's ''Captive Asteroid'' (1953). The race to launch an actual articial satellite television on pc was won when Sputnik I went into orbit on 4 October 1957. internet explorer I (31 the month of january 1958) and even Vanguard I (17 March 1958). Actual sales and marketing communications satellites Echo (1960), Telstar (1962), And reasonably early Bird (1965) Owed more to a 1955 paper on unmanned geostationary satellites by J. R. Pierce rather than Clarke's 1945 paperwhich assumed, living in pretransistor days, That such stations would need a numerous staff to change defective valvesbut popular reportage insisted on giving credit where it turned out to be due. Westar we (1974) with Satcom I (1975), Launched the era of satellite television. The rst space network to be put in orbit was Salyut 1 (delivered 19 April 1971), Launching an all-inclusive program of reconnaissance projects. Skylab, was launched on 14 May 1973; It reentered the situation in 1979. each and every after the end of the Cold War. The literary reection of this sequence of events inevitably imported a new hardness into sciencectional representations of satellites. The darker probability of their utility were explored in such works as Jeff Sutton's Bombs in Orbit (1959). Potential problems with communications satellites were explored in John Berryman's ''The Trouble with Telstar'' (1963). The difculties linked to building an orbital research laboratory were foregrounded in Walt and Leigh Richmond's ''Where I Wasn't Going'' (1963). This realistic culture was extrapolated in such works as Robert F. Young's ''The Moon of most current Learning'' (1982), Geoffrey each. Landis' ''Mirusha'' (2001), and / or J. R. Dunn's ''For Keeps'' (2003), Although more fanciful space stations in the tradition of the luxury hotel featured in Curt Siodmak's Skyport (1959) repeated to thrive in parallel. The notion of building selfenclosed colonies in orbit was colossally repopularised by Gerard K. O'Neill's assuming nonction book The High Frontier (1977), Which suggested that the Lagrange points in the Moon's orbit across Earth would be eminently suitable locations. (The eighteenthcentury mathematician Joseph Lagrange had calculated that there would be several points in Jupiter's orbit around the Sun where objects could be stably accumulated; Two teams of asteroids were eventually found at relevant points and the term ''Lagrange point'' was henceforth used to designate stable points in any orbit.) The ve Lagrange points in the lunar orbit form a consistent hexagon with the Moon at the sixth point, And O'Neill reckoned L5 the most convenient for colonisation; That acronym was often applied to O'Neill colonies featured in science ction, the particular one inMack Reynolds' Lagrange Five (1979). Joe Haldeman's earths series (19811992) Imagines a more elaborate array of orbital colonies, And occurance of similar proliferations became a key element of the posthuman future histories featured in such works as Bruce Sterling's Shaper/Mechanist series (19821985) And elizabeth Swanwick's Vacuum Flowers (1987),[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],/p>
Other notable coding and programming examples O'Neilltype space habitats are featured in Charles L. Grant's ''Coming old in Henson's Tube'' (1979), jesse E. Stith's random access memory Blank (1986), Lois McMaster Bujold's plunging Free (1988), Doug Beason's ''The long distance Home'' (1989) coupled with Lifeline (1990, on Kevin J. Anderson), Allen Steele's Clarke regional, space or room (1991), in addition Howard V. Hendrix's Lightpaths (1997). Those used as a backcloth within your roleplaying game Transhuman Space (Steve fitzgibbons Games, 2000) Are unusually well developed. Such colonies are often faced with a hard battle for survival in stories in which they survive the damage of Earth, As in Haldeman's series and Victor Mila n's ''The flying World'' (1989). Heinlein. Military men and could not resist indicating that billiondollar satellites, conversely well armed, Were very prone to such cheap tricks as placing ''a bucket of nails'' in the same orbit, Traveling in the exact opposite directiona remark that drew a sharp response fromHeinlein. Asimilar skepticismled Carol Risin to refer to it in derisory terms as ''StarWars''a nickname that stuckand infected most ctional remedy options of the notion, whole lot carefully elaborated in such works as David A. Drake's fort (1986). The programme was abandoned in 1993 but partly resurrected by GeorgeW. Bush as the nation's MissileDefense programme. Themelodramatic long term of satellitelaunched terrorism was exploited in such stories as Joseph H. Delaney's ''Business as familiar, for the duration of Altercations'' (1997),/p>
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